| Kandadji Dam | |
|---|---|
| Location | Tillabéri Department, Niger |
| Opening date | 2013 (estimated) |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Length | 8,400 metres (9,200 yd) |
| Impounds | Niger River |
| Reservoir | |
| Capacity | 1,900,000 megalitres (1,900 hm³) |
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Kandadji Dam
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The Kandadji dam when completed, will be a large multipurpose dam on the Niger River. The site is situated near the small town of Kandadji, Tillabéri Department, Tillabéri Region, Niger, 180 km northwest of the capital Niamey.[1] Construction of the dam was begun in August 2008.[2] It is being built by the Haut Commissariat à l'Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (High Commission for Niger Valley), a public body under the Primer Minister's Office. The dam will generate hydropower and is aimed at controlling the flow of the Niger River, holding water during the dry season to maintain a minimum flow and making downstream irrigation possible. The project is formally named the Kandadji Programme for Ecosystem Regeneration and Niger River Development (Programme Kandadji de Régénération des Ecosystèmes et de Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Niger). The dam itself is expected to be completed in 2013.[3]
The project is a very high profile project for Niger. According to the Prime Minister at the time of initiating construction, Seyni Oumarou, "no other development project will have sparked so much long term interest or such high expectations". The first brick of the dam was laid by the President of Niger, Mamadou Tandja.[3]
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The project was first proposed in the 1970s, when a larger dam had been considered. In 1998 the African Development Bank approved funding for a feasibility study that was conducted by the German consulting firm Lahmeyer. Under the study, an environmental and social diagnosis and an initial environmental and social assessment were conducted. The findings were presented in 2002. In August 2002 the government decided by Decree to go ahead with the project, which was from now on called the Kandadji Ecosystems Regeneration and Niger Valley Development Programme. Subsequently, a detailed environmental and social impact assessment including, a Population Resettlement Plan and a Local Development Plan, was conducted. The Local Development Plan was designed to facilitate the economic transition of displaced persons in order to restore their standard of living or even enhance it, beyond mere resettlement. The final design of the dam was prepared with financing from the Islamic Development Bank, and that of a 2000 ha irrigation project with financing from the West African Development Bank.[4] In 2005 and 2006 consultations were undertaken as part of the environmental and social assessment, which included participants from the World Wide Fund for Nature and International Union for Conservation of Nature.[5] Construction of the dam was begun in August 2008. In April 2009 a workshop on benefit sharing from dams in West Africa was held in Niamey organized by the Niger Basin Authority, the International Institute for Environment and Development and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The workshop recommended to improve the communication towards the people affected by the dam and to pay particular attention to legal processes related to resettlement, and to continue to reflect on a future management structure to equitably share the benefits of the dam.[6] In November 2009 a process to select consultants to accompany the resettlement has been initiated.[7]
Financing and construction of the dam was relaunched at a ceremony on 23 May 2011, following the election of President Mahamadou Issoufou.[8] Construction expected to total US$942 million was contracted to Russian company Zarubezhvodstroy, and paid for through several Persian Gulf state funds.[9][10][11] Plans were announced in June 2011 to relocate 5383 individuals and 770 families who will be displaced by the dam.[12]
The earth dyke dam will be 8.4 km dam long, creating a reservoir of 1.6 billion m3 and a regulated discharge of 120 m3/second (3.8 km3/year) in Niamey. The hydroelectric plant will have a capacity of 130 Megawatt, and a 132 Kilovolt high voltage line will be built over 188 km to Niamey. Irrigation development will consist of a first phase of 6,000 hectares mainly for the benefit of resettled communities, with a medium-term target in 2034 of 45,000 hectares out of an irrigable potential of 122,000 hectares.[13]
The expected benefits include increased agricultural production and hydropower generation. Niger imports almost half of its electricity consumption of 440 million kWh (2007) from neighboring Nigeria, which itself suffers frequent power cuts. The plant would increase installed capacity in Niger from 240 Megawatt (MW) in 2007 to 370 MW (+55%).[14] Other expected benefits are related to "drinking water supply, sanitation, improved flood recession cropping, grazing and fishery".[15]
The financial costs of the broader project, including the infrastructure for irrigation and drinking water supply, are estimated at US$670 million.[16]
Negative social impacts include the resettlement of almost 35,000 people from 15 villages, loss of infrastructure (a national road, boreholes, clinics, schools, mosques, slaughterhouses, markets and grain mills) and loss of about 7,000 ha of agricultural land. According to a 2007 report by UNEP's Dams and Development Project, which itself was a follow-up activity to a report by the World Commission on Dams, the Kandadji project "serves as a useful example of the projection and estimation of social effects, which appears to have been widely encompassing, covering both negative impacts and benefits." These impacts were "projected at an early stage in project planning, enabling issues and potential impacts to be addressed in subsequent planning phases."[17]
The project is expected to improve the river's ecology, which has suffered from a 30% decline in river flows since the 1970s.[18] The dam would regulate flows. According to press reports from Nigeria, the project would reduce the river flow to Nigeria by at least 10 percent, thus jeopardizing power production from two existing dams in Nigeria and meaning a "colossal loss (...) to the agricultural capacity of (Nigerian) states that border the River Niger".[19] However, according to the 2008 environmental assessment of the project the "modifications of the quantities of water flowing into the Niger River as a result of the Kandadji dam will be minimal in Nigeria". The average loss through evaporation and modification of the Niger River water flows in Nigeria will be low (2.3% at Jebba) and there will be positive impacts by improving the minimum water level in Nigeria.[20]
Funding of $236 million USD was pledged by the Islamic Development Bank. In February 2009, an additional US$ 15m was pledged by the OPEC Fund for International Development.[21] The African Development Bank approved a combined loan and grant of US$62 million in October 2008.[22] In January 2010 the Saudi Development Fund approved a grant of US$ 20m for the project. [15] Financing for the hydropower station itself is due to come from a public-private partnership.[3]